The Role and Status of Hadith in Islamic Law

Understanding and differences in hadith and sunnah

Hadith scholars interpret hadith and sunnah almost the same. Namely, everything that was relied on by the Prophet Muhammad, whether his speech, deeds, taqrir, and nature. Also, it is understood with the things that are attached to the Prophet, both physically, psychologically and in his daily life, before or after being appointed as a Prophet.

Meanwhile, according to ushul fiqih scholars, hadith and sunnah are interpreted as everything that comes from the Prophet and has implications for syar'i law.

Period of development of Islamic law

1. Prophet's Period. During this period the Holy Prophet was the only legal guide, when arguments were not found in the Qur'an.
2. Best friend period. In this period the problems of the Muslim community became increasingly complex. Companions use ijtihad through ijma 'or consensus and produce the sunnah of friends.
3. The period of ijtihad and progress. This is the period of collecting hadith, ijtihad, and fatwas from friends, tabi'in, and tabi'ittabi'in. Their Ijtihad is based on the Qur'an, the traditions of the Prophet and the traditions of friends. This period gave birth to juristic priests such as the emergence of the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi, and Hambali Schools.
4. Taqlid period and setbacks. It was marked by the closing of the door to ijtihad due to the emergence of mujtahids who did not comply with standards and produced various laws. It happened at the same time as the decline of Islam.

The reason for the sunnah was made evidence

1. Nash (text) of the Qur'an.

من يطع الرسول فقد اطاع الله (النساء: 80)

وَمَا ءَاتَاكُمُ الرَّسُولُ فَخُذُوهُ وَمَا نَهَاكُمْ عَنْهُ فَانْتَهُوا

2. Sunnah is the delivery of God's dressing.

يَا أَيُّهَا الرَّسُولُ بَلِّغْ مَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ رَبِّكَ ۖ وَإِنْ لَمْ تَفْعَلْ فَمَا بَلَّغْهئ رَتمۖ

3. The Prophet spoke on the basis of revelation.

ا لْهَوَىٰٓ

إِنْ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحْيٌ يُوحَىٰ (النجم: 3-4)

The function of hadith and sunnah

1. As a ta'kid parrot. Namely, to reinforce what is in the Qur'an. For example, the existence of fasting stipulations in the Qur'an and then confirmed by the hadith narrated by Imam Muslim.
2. As a commentary parade. Namely, clarifying, detailing, and even limiting the meaning of the text of the verses of the Qur'an. For example, hadiths about prayer, hajj, zakat. The practice carried out by the Prophet Muhammad was the translation of verses of the Qur'an which were mujmal.

The position of the sunnah against the Qur'an

1. Sunnah explains verses that are still mubham, detailing mujmal verses, ending common verses. For example, an explanation of prayer, zakat. Imam Syafii exemplifies the hadith:

لا المرأة لى ا لا لى التهاولا لى ابنة ا لا ابنة ا

"It is not permissible to marry a woman along with an aunt from the father's line, an aunt from the maternal line, the child of her sister and the child of her brother's sister." mentachsis verse وَأُحِلَّ لَكُمْ مَا وَرَاءَ ذَٰلِكُمْ "And it is permissible for you other than that." (Surat an-Nisa: 24).

2. The Sunnah adds to the obligations of syara 'whose main provisions have been stipulated in the text of the Qur'an. For example: the problem of Li'an is clearly and perfectly explained, and the Sunnah provides provisions for separating husband and wife by means of divorce. This divorce contains wisdom, because the tsiqah (belief) which is the basis of marriage has been lost from husband and wife.
3. Sunnah brings laws that have no legal provisions in the Qur'an. Nor is it an addition to the text of the Qur'an. Example: it is forbidden to eat wild animal meat and some provisions regarding diyat.

The views of Syatibi (Asy-Syatibi, Al-Muwafaqat, 729-735) and Audah (Audah, At-Tasyri, 174-175):

1. Bayan tafshil, such as prayer, pilgrimage, and others detailed hadith.
2. Bayan takhshish, just as the Qur'an prohibits carrion, the hadiths specify carcasses apart from the sea.
3. Bayan ta'yin / ta'kid.
4. Bayan tasyri ', is like forbidding marriage with aunt.
5. Parrot nasakh.

Hadith classification

In terms of acceptance, the hadith is divided into:

1. Hadiths spoken by many people that do not allow them to lie. The scholars agreed to make it a source of law.
2. Narrated by 1-2 orangs ahabat and connected to Rasulullah saw. Ulama differed in making it a source of law.

Hadith is also divided into:

1. Sahih (authentic). Hadith that is connected through the narrative of figures whose honesty is recognized and connected to the Prophet Muhammad, and there is no possibility of inqitha '(break) in his sanad,
2. His status is under authentic hadith, presented by an honest and reliable narrator, but lacks rote and thoroughness.
3. Hadith which do not have authentic and hasan qualities. In it there is a hadith mursal, that is, there is no link in the chain of friends. There is also a hadith syadz, which is a hadith that is conveyed ecstatically, even though the person is known to be reliable.

Did all the actions of the Holy Prophet have legal implications? These are categorized into 3:

1. Actions related to Shari'a, such as praying, fasting and Hajj.
2. Specificity for the Prophet. For example, a marriage that is more than 4.
3. The Prophet's actions were related to the uruf or customs of the Arabs, such as eating, drinking and dressing.

The division of hadith and sunnah from the narrative side:

First, Muttashilussanad. Divided into:

1. Hadith narrated by a group of people who are countless and can not agree to lie. This hadith produces "al-Ilmu yakinal-dharury".
2. The hadith was narrated by one, two people, or fewer from among the friends, then it was so widespread that it was narrated by many people who could not agree to lie.
3. Every hadith narrated from the Prophet Muhammad by one, two people, or a little more and has not reached the famous hadith.

Second, Ghairu Muttashil Sanad. The hadiths which are not connected to the Prophet. Some scholars call it mursal hadith. Namely, the hadith in which a tabi'in narrator does not mention the name of the friend who narrated the hadith. Another scholar named it munqathi hadith.

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Oleh chaplain Muhamad Hizbullah, MA, presented at the study of the Online Migrant Madrasah, Sunday, March 14, 2021.

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